☰ Contents · Uzbek language

Distinguishing-limiting and intensifying-emphasizing particles

Lessons 64–65 · 2 lessons · N. Mahmudov, A. Nurmonov, A. Sobirov, D. Nabiyeva, A. Mirzaahmedov. Ona tili (Uzbek language), Grade 7, revised and expanded 4th edition. Ma’naviyat, Tashkent, 2017
64

Distinguishing-limiting particles

Textbook: pp. 114–115
GoalKnow the distinguishing-limiting particles (faqat, -gina) and their spelling.
New words
distinguishing-limiting particle · ayiruv-chegaralov yuklamasionly · faqatonly, just (suffix) · -ginathat is all · xolos
Explanation

Distinguishing-limiting particles set something apart from others and show it within limits: they give the meaning “exactly this, not another” or “no more than this”. This group includes faqat and -gina (-kina, -qina); the word “xolos”, coming at the end of a sentence, also gives a close meaning. For example: Faqat Dilshod javob berdi (Only Dilshod answered); Bir martagina ko‘rdim, xolos (I saw it just once, that’s all). -gina is written joined to the word and adapts to the sound before it: after k it is -kina, after q -qina: kecha+gina — kechagina (only yesterday), yurak+kina — yurakkina, oq+qina — oqqina. Sometimes -gina is not a particle but a lexical-form suffix giving an affectionate meaning: qizgina (dear little girl), uychagina (a cosy little house).

Worked examples
Bugun faqat bitta dars bo‘ldi (Today there was only one lesson) — faqat limits to one lesson.
Menda kitobgina bor, qalam yo‘q (I have only a book, no pen) — -gina: just a book.
Class activity

“Only this!”: pupils make limiting sentences with faqat and -gina (Menda ikkitagina qalam bor).

Practice
1
Which are the distinguishing-limiting particles?
2
Add the particle -gina to “kitob”, “ko‘ylak”, “tovuq”.
3
Find the particle in “Faqat sen bilasan” and “Senga faqat bir narsa kerak”.
4
Why is -gina in “qizgina” not always a particle?