9
Using polysemous words and synonyms in a text
Textbook: p. 14
GoalLearn to use polysemous words and synonyms appropriately in a text.
New words
polysemous word · ko‘p ma’noli so‘zsynonym · ma’nodosh so‘zexpressiveness, impact · ta’sirchanlikrepetition · takror
Explanation
In a text, whether a word is used in its direct or figurative sense is clear from the sentence. For example, in “Daryo tez oqadi” (The river flows fast) the verb “oqmoq” is direct, in “Yillar oqib o‘tdi” (The years flowed by) it is figurative. Synonyms express one concept with different shades: baland, yuqori, yuksak (all “high”). Each of them cannot replace the others everywhere: we say “baland ovoz” (a loud voice) but not “yuksak ovoz”. Using polysemous words and synonyms makes a text rich and expressive and avoids repeating one word again and again.
Worked examples
In “The root of labour is bitter, its fruit sweet”, the words “achchiq” and “shirin” are figurative.
“Yurt, diyor, o‘lka” are synonyms: “Go‘zal diyor” can also be said “Go‘zal o‘lka” (a beautiful land).
Class activity
“Text without repeats”: the teacher writes a sentence repeating one word three times; you rewrite it with synonyms.
Practice
1
What does the use of synonyms give a text?
The text becomes rich and expressive, and repetition decreases.
2
Use “yurak” in a sentence in a direct and in a figurative sense.
Direct: My heart beat fast. Figurative: He is a kind-hearted person.
3
Choose from “baland”, “yuqori”, “yuksak”: ... peak, ... aim.
Baland cho‘qqi (a high peak), yuksak maqsad (a lofty aim).
4
Why can synonyms not always replace each other?
Because their shades of meaning and the words they combine with differ.