39
Auxiliary words
Textbook: pp. 72–74
GoalDistinguish independent from auxiliary words; know the kinds and function of auxiliary words.
New words
independent word · mustaqil so‘zauxiliary word · yordamchi so‘znaming meaning · atash ma’nosimember of the sentence · gap bo‘lagi
Explanation
Words fall into two large groups. Independent words name a thing, quality, quantity or action (or, like pronouns, stand in their place), answer some question, and act as a sentence member such as subject, predicate or object: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb. Auxiliary words, on the other hand, name nothing by themselves, answer no question and are not separate members of the sentence. Their job is to link independent words or sentences to each other or to add an extra meaning to them. There are three kinds of auxiliary words: the postposition (ko‘makchi), the conjunction (bog‘lovchi) and the particle (yuklama).
Worked examples
In “kitob bilan daftar” (the book and the notebook), kitob and daftar are independent; bilan is auxiliary.
In “Faqat sen bilasan” (Only you know), faqat is a particle; sen and bilasan are independent.
Class activity
Two baskets: “independent” and “auxiliary”. Sort the words of a sentence on cards into the two baskets.
Practice
1
What is an independent word?
A word with naming meaning, answering a question and acting as a member of the sentence.
2
List the kinds of auxiliary words.
Postposition, conjunction, particle.
3
Find the auxiliary word in “Men uchun kitob oling”.
“Uchun” — a postposition.
4
Why is an auxiliary word not a member of the sentence?
Because it has no naming meaning, it only links words or adds meaning.