About the particle; pure and functional; interrogative particles

Pure particles come only as particles and do no other job: faqat, axir, hatto, nahotki. Functional particles, depending on the sentence, can be either a particle or a conjunction: -u (-yu), -da, ham, na ... na. There is an easy way to tell them apart: try putting “va” in place of -u (-yu) or -da. If the meaning is not spoiled, it is a conjunction: Opa-yu singil keldi (= opa va singil — the sisters came). If “va” does not fit, it is a particle adding emphasis: Bu yil qor ko‘p yog‘di-yu! (It really snowed a lot this year!) In place of -da used as a particle, “ham” can often be put: Kitobni-da unutdi = Kitobni ham unutdi (He forgot the book too).