3
Review of spelling
Textbook: pp. 6–7
GoalReview spelling rules: h and x, vowels, joined and separate writing, the hyphen and capital letters.
New words
orthography, spelling · orfografiyahyphen · chiziqchacapital letter · bosh harfglottal sign (’) · tutuq belgisi
Explanation
Orthography is the branch about writing words correctly. In some words the pronunciation and spelling differ, so h and x must not be confused, as in “hayot” (life) and “xizmat” (service). Paired words are written with a hyphen: oq-qora (black and white), kitob-daftar (books and notebooks). Names of people, countries and cities begin with a capital letter: Zilola, O‘zbekiston, Samarqand. The glottal sign is written after a vowel in words like ma’no (meaning) and she’r (poem). In case of doubt, the spelling dictionary is the most reliable help.
Worked examples
Hayot and dehqon are written with h; xizmat and dasturxon with x.
Yosh-qari (young and old) and sho‘r-shirin (salty and sweet) are paired words; their parts are joined with a hyphen.
Class activity
“Spelling corner”: each pupil writes one word with h or x on the board and the class checks it in the dictionary.
Practice
1
What does orthography teach?
The rules of writing words correctly.
2
Fill in h or x: ...alq, ...ayol, ...ikmat, ...isob.
Xalq, xayol, hikmat, hisob.
3
Which are written with a hyphen: oqko‘ngil, ota-ona, qizil olma, aka-uka?
Ota-ona (parents), aka-uka (brothers).
4
Why is writing “tabiat” as “tabiyat” a mistake?
Because by the standard spelling the word is written “tabiat”, without y.