☰ Contents · Uzbek language

Comparing particles and particles of doubt and negation

Lessons 66–67 · 2 lessons · N. Mahmudov, A. Nurmonov, A. Sobirov, D. Nabiyeva, A. Mirzaahmedov. Ona tili (Uzbek language), Grade 7, revised and expanded 4th edition. Ma’naviyat, Tashkent, 2017
67

Particles of doubt and negation

Textbook: pp. 119–120
GoalKnow particles of doubt and negation (-dir; hech, sira, na ... na).
New words
particle of doubt · gumon yuklamasiparticle of negation · inkor yuklamasinever, at all · siranot at all · hech
Explanation

The particle of doubt -dir shows that the speaker does not know for sure but is supposing: Mehmonlar yo‘lga chiqqandir (The guests have probably set off). In form it is the same as the 3rd person suffix -dir of a nominal predicate (u o‘quvchidir — he is a pupil), that is, they are homonyms; but the particle of doubt takes no stress and gives the meaning of supposition. -dir is written joined to the word: kelgandir, bordir. Particles of negation — hech, sira, na ... na — strengthen the negation in the sentence: Bu kitobni sira o‘qimaganman (I have never read this book at all); Hech charchamadim (I did not get tired at all). In a sentence with hech or sira the predicate is usually negative.

Worked examples
Akam hozir kutubxonadadir (My brother is probably in the library) — a supposition (doubt).
U sira yolg‘on aytmaydi (He never lies) — “sira” strengthens negation, the predicate is negative.
Class activity

Guessing game: guess where a classmate is using -dir (U kutubxonadadir).

Practice
1
Which is the particle of doubt?
2
List the particles of negation.
3
What does -dir show in “Kutubxona hozir yopiqdir”?
4
Why is the predicate negative with sira and hech?