3
Independent word classes
Textbook: pp. 6–7
GoalTell the independent word classes apart by question and by function in a sentence.
New words
independent word · mustaqil so‘zquestion word · so‘roqpart of the sentence · gap bo‘lagilexical meaning · lug‘aviy ma’no
Explanation
Words that express lexical meaning, answer a question and act as a part of the sentence are independent words. They are noun (kim? nima?), adjective (qanday?), numeral (nechta? nechanchi?), pronoun, verb (nima qildi?) and adverb (qanday? qachon? qayerda?). A pronoun stands in place of another word, so its meaning depends on the sentence: “u” may mean Anvar in one sentence and Dilfuza in another. To decide the word class we look not only at form but at function: in “yaxshi bola” yaxshi is an adjective, in “yaxshi o‘qiydi” it works as an adverb. Independent words differ from auxiliary words by these features.
Worked examples
In “Katta qush baland daraxtga qo‘ndi”: qush, daraxt — nouns; katta, baland — adjectives; qo‘ndi — verb.
In “U ertalab uchtasini keltirdi”: u — pronoun; ertalab — adverb; uchtasini — numeral (used as a noun); keltirdi — verb.
Class activity
Quick-fire: the teacher says a word, pupils instantly name the question and class (e.g. “ohista” — qanday? — adverb).
Practice
1
Sort into word classes: daftar, qizil, to‘rtta, biz, yozmoq, tez.
Noun — daftar; adjective — qizil; numeral — to‘rtta; pronoun — biz; verb — yozmoq; adverb — tez.
2
State three features of an independent word.
It has lexical meaning, answers a question, works as a sentence part.
3
To which class does tez belong in “tez keldi” and in “tez poyezd”?
Adverb in the first, adjective in the second.
4
Why is the meaning of a pronoun considered indefinite?
Because it stands for another word and what it denotes depends on the context.