4
Auxiliary words
Textbook: pp. 8–9
GoalDistinguish the roles of auxiliary words (postposition, conjunction, particle).
New words
postposition · ko‘makchiconjunction · bog‘lovchiparticle · yuklamaauxiliary word · yordamchi so‘z
Explanation
Auxiliary words have no lexical meaning, answer no question and are not sentence parts; they express relations between other words or add extra meaning. Postpositions (uchun, bilan, sari, qadar, orqali) link words and are often used in place of case suffixes. By function conjunctions are of two kinds: coordinating (va, hamda, lekin) and subordinating (chunki, agar, garchi). Particles add meanings such as question, emphasis, restriction or negation to a word or sentence: faqat, hatto, axir, nahotki. If an auxiliary word is removed, the meaning of the sentence sometimes changes or weakens.
Worked examples
“Do‘stim bilan kutubxonaga bordik” — bilan is a postposition; “Kitob va daftar oldim” — va is a coordinating conjunction.
Compare “Faqat sen yordam berding” and “Sen yordam berding”: the particle faqat restricts the meaning.
Class activity
Card game: when a card with an auxiliary word is shown, pupils name its type (postposition, conjunction, particle).
Practice
1
Group: uchun, va, hatto, sari, lekin, axir.
Postpositions: uchun, sari; conjunctions: va, lekin; particles: hatto, axir.
2
Into how many kinds are conjunctions divided by function?
Two: coordinating and subordinating.
3
What type of conjunction is chunki? Give an example.
Subordinating: “Uyda qoldim, chunki yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgan edi.”
4
Why can auxiliary words not be sentence parts?
Because they have no independent meaning and answer no question; they only serve other words.