3
Independent word classes
Textbook: pp. 6–7
ЦельTell the independent word classes apart by question and by function in a sentence.
Новые слова
independent word · mustaqil so‘zquestion word · so‘roqpart of the sentence · gap bo‘lagilexical meaning · lug‘aviy ma’no
Объяснение
Words that express lexical meaning, answer a question and act as a part of the sentence are independent words. They are noun (kim? nima?), adjective (qanday?), numeral (nechta? nechanchi?), pronoun, verb (nima qildi?) and adverb (qanday? qachon? qayerda?). A pronoun stands in place of another word, so its meaning depends on the sentence: “u” may mean Anvar in one sentence and Dilfuza in another. To decide the word class we look not only at form but at function: in “yaxshi bola” yaxshi is an adjective, in “yaxshi o‘qiydi” it works as an adverb. Independent words differ from auxiliary words by these features.
Примеры
In “Katta qush baland daraxtga qo‘ndi”: qush, daraxt — nouns; katta, baland — adjectives; qo‘ndi — verb.
In “U ertalab uchtasini keltirdi”: u — pronoun; ertalab — adverb; uchtasini — numeral (used as a noun); keltirdi — verb.
Работа в классе
Quick-fire: the teacher says a word, pupils instantly name the question and class (e.g. “ohista” — qanday? — adverb).
Упражнения
1
Sort into word classes: daftar, qizil, to‘rtta, biz, yozmoq, tez.
Noun — daftar; adjective — qizil; numeral — to‘rtta; pronoun — biz; verb — yozmoq; adverb — tez.
2
State three features of an independent word.
It has lexical meaning, answers a question, works as a sentence part.
3
To which class does tez belong in “tez keldi” and in “tez poyezd”?
Adverb in the first, adjective in the second.
4
Why is the meaning of a pronoun considered indefinite?
Because it stands for another word and what it denotes depends on the context.