36
The participle
Textbook: p. 57
GoalKnow the definition of the participle and tell it from the adjective.
New words
participle · sifatdoshfeature · belgipermanent feature · turg‘un belgifeature of action · harakat belgisi
Explanation
The verb form specialized for the adjective is the participle. Participles are formed from verb stems with -gan (-kan, -qan), -ydigan (-adigan), -(a)yotgan, -(a)r: o‘qigan, o‘qiydigan, o‘qiyotgan, oqar. Since the participle expresses a feature of a person or thing, it resembles the adjective and answers “what kind?”. But an adjective names a permanent, stable feature, whereas a participle names a feature tied to change or action. Compare: katta daryo (a big river, adjective) and oqar daryo (a flowing river, participle). Being a verb form, the participle has tense, voice and affirmative-negative meanings.
Worked examples
A book (that was) read. A flying bird. A working person. Flowing water.
A big (adjective) river — a flowing (participle) river.
Class activity
“What kind?”: children name adjectives and participles that can precede a noun (go‘zal bog‘, gullagan bog‘) and write them in two columns.
Practice
1
What kind of verb form is the participle?
The verb form specialized for the adjective.
2
Name four participle suffixes.
-gan, -ydigan (-adigan), -(a)yotgan, -(a)r.
3
Find the adjective and the participle: baland tog‘, oqayotgan suv.
Baland — adjective; oqayotgan — participle.
4
Why is oqar in “oqar daryo” a participle, not an adjective?
It is formed from a verb (oq-) and expresses an action-related feature, not a permanent one.