37
Tenses of the participle. Past participle
Textbook: pp. 58–59
GoalForm the past participle and spell it correctly.
New words
past participle · o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshisuffix -gan · -ganvoiceless consonant · jarangsiz undoshspelling · imlo
Explanation
Since participles are verb forms, they have tense meaning. The suffix -gan (-kan, -qan) expresses a feature of past action: ko‘rgan odam (a person who has seen), gullagan o‘lka (a blossomed land). Spelling rules: after a vowel -gan is added (o‘qigan, yashagan). After a voiceless consonant it may sound like -kan but is written -gan (ko‘chgan, o‘sgan). After q we write -qan (tiq — tiqqan) and after k we write -kan (tik — tikkan). After g‘ it may sound like -qan but is written -gan (tug‘ — tug‘gan).
Worked examples
o‘qigan (read), yashagan (lived); ko‘chgan muz (moved ice), o‘sgan o‘t (grown grass).
tiqqan (stuffed, from tiq), tikkan (sewn, from tik), tug‘gan (born/given birth, from tug‘).
Class activity
“Which is written?”: the teacher says “ko‘ch+kan?”; children write the correct spelling (ko‘chgan) on the board and state the rule.
Practice
1
Form the past participle from gulla and o‘s.
gullagan, o‘sgan.
2
Choose the correct spelling: ko‘chkan / ko‘chgan.
ko‘chgan
3
Add -gan to the stems tik and tiq.
tikkan, tiqqan.
4
Why is ko‘chgan written with -gan and not -kan?
After the voiceless ch it may sound like -kan, but spelling keeps -gan.