39
Affirmative and negative participles
Textbook: p. 62
GoalForm affirmative and negative participles.
New words
affirmative form · bo‘lishli shaklnegative form · bo‘lishsiz shaklnegation suffix · -manegation of -(a)r · -mas
Explanation
The negative participle is made by putting -ma before the participle suffix: aytgan — aytmagan (said — not said), oqayotgan — oqmayotgan, o‘qiydigan — o‘qimaydigan. The negative of a form with -(a)r is made with -mas: oqar — oqmas, kelar — kelmas. A negative participle also answers “what kind?” and goes with a noun: o‘qimagan bola (a child who has not read), tugamas mehnat (endless labour). The negation -ma stands after the stem and before the participle suffix.
Worked examples
ko‘rgan — ko‘rmagan (seen — unseen); yozayotgan — yozmayotgan; ishlaydigan — ishlamaydigan.
so‘nar — so‘nmas (an unextinguishable fire).
Class activity
“The opposite”: the teacher says an affirmative participle and children turn it into the negative.
Practice
1
Write the negative of aytgan and oqayotgan.
aytmagan, oqmayotgan.
2
What is the negative of the participle tugar?
tugamas.
3
Write the negative of o‘qiydigan.
o‘qimaydigan.
4
Why does -ma come before the participle suffix?
Because the verb stem is first negated and then the participle suffix is added: o‘qi+ma+gan.