Lessons 72–73 · 2 lessons · M. Qodirov, H. Ne’matov, M. Abduraimova, R. Sayfullayeva, B. Mengliyev. Ona tili (Uzbek language), Grade 8, 4th edition. Cho‘lpon Publishing and Printing Creative House, Tashkent, 2019
73
Parenthetical elements (introductory words)
Textbook: pp. 124–127
GoalThe notion of the parenthetical element (introductory word), its meanings and kinds; punctuation.
New words
parenthetical element · kiritmaconfidence · ishonchpresumption · gumonattribution · nisbatlanish
Explanation
A word, combination or sentence that does not enter a subordinating link with sentence parts but is relevant to the content of the sentence or text is a parenthetical element (kiritma). It expresses the speaker’s attitude to the thought (confidence: shubhasiz; presumption: ehtimol; affirmation: albatta; negation), attribution of the thought to someone (ta’kidlanishicha, menimcha), the order of the thought’s parts (birinchidan, ikkinchidan) and additional explanation. It is separated from the sentence in writing by commas, dashes and sometimes brackets, and in speech by a small pause: “Ehtimol, ertaga yomg‘ir yog‘ar”. Kiritmas are simple (a word, word-sentence) and compound (combination, extended combination, sentence): “Rostini aytsam, men charchadim”. If a kiritma is removed, the structure of the sentence is not broken.
Worked examples
Presumption: “Ehtimol, u bugun kelmas.” Confidence: “Shubhasiz, bu to‘g‘ri yo‘l.” Order: “Birinchidan, vaqt yo‘q; ikkinchidan, pul yo‘q.”
Attribution: “Menimcha, bu usul yaxshi.” Compound: “Hozir ma’lum bo‘lishicha, imtihon ertaga bo‘ladi.” Brackets: “Dars (men bilaman) soat to‘qqizda boshlanadi.”
Class activity
Finding kiritmas: find them in a text and write them under “confidence”, “presumption”, “order”, “attribution”.
Practice
1
Find the kiritma in “Albatta, men kelaman” and name its meaning.
Albatta — a simple kiritma of affirmation/confidence.
2
How does a kiritma differ from sentence parts?
A kiritma has no subordinating link with any sentence part.
3
Make three sentences with kiritmas of confidence, presumption and order.
E.g. Shubhasiz, u g‘alaba qozonadi. Ehtimol, yomg‘ir yog‘ar. Birinchidan, vaqt kam.
4
Why does the sentence not break if a kiritma is removed?
Because a kiritma is not a structural part of the sentence; it conveys the speaker’s attitude.