5
Review: sentences with an address and introductory words
Textbook: pp. 13–14
GoalIdentify sentences with an address and introductory words and punctuate them with commas.
New words
address (vocative) · undalmaintroductory word · kirish so‘zappeal · murojaatnot a sentence part · gap bo‘lagi emas
Explanation
An address shows to whom or what the speaker appeals and is not grammatically linked to the parts of the sentence. If the address comes at the beginning, a comma follows it; in the middle, commas stand on both sides; at the end, a comma stands before it. After an address said with strong feeling an exclamation mark may also be put. Introductory words (albatta, shubhasiz, afsuski, ehtimol, masalan, demak, aytmoqchi) show the speaker’s attitude to the thought; they are not sentence parts, do not answer questions and are separated by commas. If we remove an introductory word, the main meaning of the sentence is not broken.
Worked examples
Dilnoza, bugun kutubxonaga borasanmi? (address at the start – a comma after it)
Afsuski, musobaqa yomg‘ir sababli kechiktirildi. / Musobaqa, ehtimol, ertaga bo‘ladi. (introductory words set off by commas)
Class activity
“Who addresses whom?”: pupils in turn say sentences addressed to classmates; others show the commas on the board.
Practice
1
What does an address express and is it a sentence part?
It expresses an appeal; it is not a sentence part.
2
Punctuate: a sentence addressed to a dear friend with “albatta”.
Aziz do‘stim, bugun, albatta, kelasan.
3
Name three introductory words.
For example: albatta, afsuski, ehtimol.
4
Why is “ehtimol” not a sentence part in “Ehtimol, u keladi”?
Because it answers no question and only shows the speaker’s supposition.