Lessons 2 · 1 lessons · S. Yu. Islambekova, Yu. Yu. Musurmanova, Z. Kh. Abduraimova, L. N. Tagieva. Russian Language, Grade 11 (textbook for secondary, specialised secondary and vocational institutions with Uzbek and other languages of instruction), 1st edition. DAVR NASHRIYOTI, Tashkent, 2018
2
The sentence. Logical stress. Direct and inverted word order
Textbook: pp. 7–10
GoalTell a sentence from a word combination, find the logical stress, compare the free word order of Russian with the fixed order of Uzbek, and tell direct from inverted order.
New words
логическое ударение (logical stress) · логическое ударение (mantiqiy urg‘u)прямой порядок слов (direct word order) · прямой порядок слов (to‘g‘ri so‘z tartibi)обратный порядок слов, инверсия (inverted order, inversion) · обратный порядок слов, инверсия (teskari tartib)интонация (intonation) · интонация (ohang)
Explanation
A sentence («предложение») expresses a finished thought and ends with intonation, while a word combination only names something. In a sentence the most important word is stressed with the voice — this is the «логическое ударение». The speaker chooses it: in «Сегодня Дильшод читает в парке» the stress may fall on «сегодня», «Дильшод», «читает» or «в парке», and each time the shade of meaning changes. Russian word order is free: words move according to meaning because the case endings show the roles. In Uzbek the predicate always stands at the end of the sentence. In direct order the subject comes before the predicate, an agreeing attribute before the word it defines, a non-agreeing attribute after it, and a direct object after the verb. An unusual order — «обратный порядок слов» (inversion) — is used in speech and in literary text to stress something or to put the new information at the end: «В окне горел свет».
Worked examples
«Мы поедем на озеро в воскресенье». «Когда?» — «в воскресенье»; «куда?» — «на озеро»; «кто?» — «мы». The stress moves with the question being answered.
Direct order: «Тишина воцарилась в зале». Inverted order: «Воцарилась в зале тишина» — the predicate is before the subject and the sentence sounds solemn. In Uzbek the predicate stays last anyway: “Zalda sukunat cho‘kdi”.
Class activity
“One sentence — three questions”. Write a sentence: «Некоторые студенты вчера работали в библиотеке». Pairs read it, stressing the answer to three different questions; the listener finds the stressed word.
Practice
1
Stress the word that answers the question: «Кто нашёл ключи у входа?» → «Ключи у входа нашёл Рустам». Which word takes the logical stress?
Рустам
2
Find the sentence with inverted order: 1) «Листва тихо шумит». 2) «Тихо шумит листва».
2
3
Translate into Uzbek and compare the place of the predicate: «Вечером в нашем дворе играли дети».
“Kechqurun bizning hovlimizda bolalar o‘ynadi.” In Uzbek the predicate is last; in the Russian sentence the subject follows the predicate.
4
Why can the word order not be changed in «Мать любит дочь»?
«Мать» and «дочь» have the same form as subject and object, so only the order shows the roles.