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Thrift and business skill

Lessons 21 · 1 lessons · O. A. Qo‘ysinov, O‘. O. Tohirov, D. N. Mamatov, D. F. Aripova. Labour education (Mehnat ta’limi), Grade 9: methodical guide for teachers. Delta-Print, Tashkent, 2017. Note: this is a teacher’s guide, not a student textbook (lesson plans for the “Technology and design”, “Service” and “Basics of agriculture” directions). The course is built from the lesson-plan topics of the “Technology and design” direction; the “Iroqi” skullcap lesson comes from the “Service” direction, and lesson 25 (joining parts) is written from the topic listed in the guide’s calendar plan.
21

Thrift, business skill and small business

Teacher’s guide: pp. 67–70
GoalKnow the ideas of a thrift regime, labour productivity, business skill and small business, and be able to calculate productivity.
New words
thrift (economy) · tejamkorliklabour productivity · mehnat unumdorligientrepreneurship · tadbirkorliksmall business · kichik biznes
Explanation

A thrift regime means getting much product while using little raw material, material, fuel, electricity and working time. It starts with simple things: switching off the light when it is not needed, not running a machine for nothing, checking and repairing equipment on time, recycling shavings and offcuts. Labour productivity is the amount of product made in a unit of time: productivity = number of products : working time; it depends on new equipment, good organisation, discipline and the worker’s skill. Entrepreneurship is activity based on independent initiative and responsibility and aimed at profit; an entrepreneur considers market demand and supply, looks for ways to cut expenses and is ready for an uncertain result. In attracting the buyer the novelty, quality, price and appearance of the goods, conformity with standards, after-sales service and advertising are taken into account. Small business and private entrepreneurship create jobs, raise people’s incomes and are supported by the state; because laws and benefits change, the current rules should be checked in an official source.

Worked examples
A craftsperson makes 48 slats in 8 hours: productivity 48 : 8 = 6 pieces per hour. With a new clamp, if 64 are made in 8 hours, productivity is 64 : 8 = 8 pieces per hour — it has risen.
A tailor sews small bags and dolls from fabric offcuts and sells them. Waste becomes a new product: material is saved and extra income is earned.
Class activity

Thrift audit: in class, spend 10 minutes finding things wasted at school (a lamp left on, a dripping tap, paper used on one side), make a list and suggest a solution for each. Do not touch electrical equipment.

Practice
1
What is labour productivity and how is it calculated?
2
Give three examples of a thrift regime.
3
A craftsperson made 72 items in 6 hours. What is the productivity per hour?
4
Why must an entrepreneur study the buyer’s demand?