Lessons 2 · 1 lessons · N.M. Mahmudov, A.Sh. Sobirov, Y.R. Odilov, G.Sh. Ziyodullayeva. Ona tili (Uzbek language), Grade 10, 1st edition. “O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi” State Scientific Publishing House, Tashkent, 2017
2
National language and literary language. Oral and written forms of the literary language
Textbook: pp. 6–10
GoalDistinguish the national language from the literary language and tell the oral and written forms apart.
New words
national language · milliy tilliterary language · adabiy tilliterary norm · adabiy me’yordialect · sheva
Explanation
The national language is the whole linguistic wealth common to a nation: it includes the literary language, folk dialects, elements of ordinary conversation and jargons. The literary language is the processed, normalised highest form of the national language; all its users must follow its norms of spelling, pronunciation, word use and grammar. Dialects can be a source of enrichment for the literary language, but they themselves stand outside its norms. By its manner of expression the literary language has an oral form (lecture, speech, conversation) and a written form (book, document, article). One of them is chosen according to the purpose of communication, but the written form plays the main role in stabilising the norms. Uzbek was given the status of state language in 1989.
Worked examples
Some dialects say «jo‘q» and «jaxshi»; the literary language says «yo‘q» (“no, there is not”) and «yaxshi» (“good”): this difference in sound shows that the dialect form lies outside the norm.
Oral literary speech: a short talk at school – pauses, intonation and norms are observed. Written literary speech: an application, an article or a report – spelling and punctuation are observed.
Class activity
“My dialect, my wealth”: pupils name 3–4 dialect words of their region and classmates find the literary form.
Practice
1
What elements does the national language include?
The literary language, folk dialects, elements of ordinary conversation and jargons.
2
Give one example each of the oral and written forms of the literary language.
Oral: an answer in class or a lecture. Written: an application, a scientific article.
3
If a dialect says «o‘qivomman» instead of «o‘qiyapman», what does it show?
It is a dialect form: it lies outside the literary norm; in literary speech we say «o‘qiyapman» (“I am reading”).
4
Why are literary norms obligatory for everyone?
Because they are a model: if everybody follows the same rules, people understand each other exactly and the language stays unified.