Digital media and the Past Perfect

The Past Perfect shows an action that ended before another action in the past. Form: had + past participle (had finished, had seen, had gone). Negative: had not (hadn’t) + past participle; question: Had + subject + past participle? We join two actions with after, when, before or as soon as: After I had watched the documentary, I read a book. The earlier action is in the Past Perfect and the later one in the Past Simple. If the time clause comes first, use a comma; if it comes second, no comma: I read a book after I had watched the documentary. Learn the participles of irregular verbs: go – gone, see – seen, eat – eaten, write – written, do – done.