Mashrab: the “O‘rtar” ghazal, murabba‘ and muxammas

In a murabba‘ the stanza (band) has four lines; in Mashrab’s “Bulbuldayinkim faryod etarman…” the fourth line of every stanza ends with the same question – “is there a day to reach the beloved, friends?” – giving a tone of hopeful waiting. In the poem the lover cries out like a nightingale, a sea of grief raises waves, the people of separation do not leave him alone, the candle of love burns in his chest, and at the end Mashrab, who had been heedless, awakens. A muxammas stanza has five lines: in “Na g‘urbatlarni chektim…” the word “dastingdin” (from your hand) is the refrain and the last two lines repeat in every stanza. In it the poet describes the hardship of exile, desolate ruins, separation from loved ones and loneliness, wishes that no one be as distraught as he, and asks God to bring him to his goal. The questions in the textbook also remind that a muxammas can be created independently or attached to another poet’s ghazal.