Passive, causative and cooperative voices

A verb form expressing an action or state whose doer is unknown is in the passive voice. It is formed by adding -n, -l after a vowel and -in, -il after a consonant: ochildi (was opened), yozildi (was written), qurildi (was built), taraldi (was combed). The passive is made from transitive verbs, and the word that becomes the subject was formerly the object: Ona xatni yozdi → Xat yozildi (The letter was written). The reflexive and passive have identical forms but differ in meaning: in the reflexive the action is on the doer himself, in the passive the doer is unknown. Compare: kiyindi (dressed himself) — kiyildi (the garment was put on).