Architecture, fine arts and the final review

According to the textbook’s conclusion, in the 18th and 19th centuries wars among the three khanates and disunity created favourable ground for the Russian Empire’s conquest; military-political disorder and the lack of far-sightedness of rulers were also causes. Historians usually add the empire’s military and technical superiority and geopolitical rivalry. In 1865 Tashkent was taken, in 1867 the Turkestan Governor-Generalship was formed, in 1868 the Emirate of Bukhara and in 1873 the Khanate of Khiva became protectorates, and in 1876 the Khanate of Kokand was abolished. Government was built on a military-administrative basis, land was declared state property, resettlement was carried out, railways were built and cotton growing expanded, while crafts struggled. Discontent appeared in the movements of 1878, 1885, 1892 and 1898 and in the uprising of 1916. At the same time Jadidism from the late 19th century (Gasprali opened the first school in Crimea in 1884) developed new-method schools, the press, theatre and literature, and took a political turn from 1917. In 1920 people’s soviet republics were declared in Bukhara and Khiva in place of the emirate and khanate. The textbook stresses that even under colonial conditions the people preserved their language, customs and culture, and also notes that factories, banks and railways came into the region.