The emergence of the Jadid movement

According to the textbook, after the khanates were conquered the Russian Empire also allowed local people to remain illiterate and backward in education. With little room for open struggle, intellectuals chose the path of enlightening the people; their movement to renew society was called Jadidism (Arabic “jadid” – “new”). The Crimean Tatar enlightener Ismail Gasprali (1851–1914) is regarded as the founder of the movement: in 1884 he opened the first Jadid school in Bakhchisarai, taught by the “usuli savtiya” method (according to the textbook 12 pupils learned to read in 40 days) and in 1888 published “Rahbari muallimin”. The newspaper “Tarjimon” helped spread the ideas. In 1893 Gasprali visited Tashkent, Samarkand and Bukhara, and that year the first new-method school opened in the Emirate of Bukhara. In 1898 Salohiddin domla opened the second school in Kokand; in 1899 Shamsiddin domla in Andijan and Mannon qori in Tashkent opened schools. The movement divides into the Jadids of Turkestan, Bukhara and Khiva: in Bukhara a political organisation began to form from 1910; in Khiva the right wing (Prime Minister Islomkhoja) wanted reforms while keeping the khan’s power, and the left wing (qozikalon Bobookhun Salimov) wished to raise popular activity through new schools. The movement met opposition from the administration and from some traditional clergy. According to the textbook, by 1917 it passed from an educational to a political stage.