Lessons 19 · 1 lessons · S. Tillaboyev, A. Zamonov. O‘zbekiston tarixi (History of Uzbekistan, second half of the 19th – early 20th century), Grade 9, 3rd edition. “Sharq” Publishing House, Tashkent, 2019
19
The significance of the national liberation movements
Textbook: pp. 73–74
GoalAssess the common features, participants and significance of the uprisings of the second half of the 19th century.
New words
movement for national freedom and against foreign rule · milliy-ozodlik harakaticolony, a territory ruled by another state · mustamlakaconsequence, result · oqibatsocial group or class · tabaqa
Explanation
According to the textbook, the movements of the second half of the 19th century showed that the region had been taken by the empire and used as a colony: a cheap raw-material base, a ready market and cheap labour. Their main causes were the weight of taxes and duties, the service of local officials to the administration, the giving of land to resettled people, rising prices and the lack of medical care. Although uprisings often took place in one area, their echo reached the whole region. Participants came from various groups: peasants, craftsmen, scholars, elders, mingboshis, qozis and even some property owners and merchants. The textbook names Pulatkhan, Kurbanjan dodkho, Yetimkhan, Darvishkhan and Muhammad Ali Eshon as leaders. According to the textbook, the government understood that the people’s desire for freedom was not fading and tried to follow a more careful policy and prevent uprisings. At the same time the administration also tightened control and punishment. When historians evaluate these movements they look at their social, economic and religious-cultural causes together.
Worked examples
After the Mingtepa uprising of 1878 led by Yetimkhan there were further actions in Andijan (1885) and in 1898: events in one place influenced the mood elsewhere.
In the Tashkent “Cholera Riot” labourers and craftsmen took part, and in the Andijan uprising the followers of an eshon, a mingboshi and peasants.
Class activity
Fill in a table: columns – leader, date, place, cause, outcome. Rows – Yetimkhan, Darvishkhan, the “Cholera Riot”, Muhammad Ali Eshon.
Practice
1
According to the textbook, which groups of the population took part in the uprisings?
Peasants, craftsmen, scholars, elders, mingboshis, qozis, some property owners and merchants.
2
Name four causes of the uprisings.
Heavy taxes, rising prices, land given to resettled people, lack of medical service (or bribery of officials).
3
Which movements took place in 1878, 1885, 1892 and 1898?