Khiva: uprisings, the Young Khivans and the end of the khanate

According to the textbook, from the 1880s peasant associations appeared in Khiva; the khan called in Russian troops against them and leaders were executed. In 1902, peasants of Khanka, Hazarasp and Bogot rose under Matyoqub pishiq, and the uprising was again suppressed with Russian troops’ help. 1910–1911 was a year of drought and crop failure; the population suffered hunger and taxes rose. In 1912 the uprising in Hazarasp and Khanka became sharp: according to the textbook the rebels, who now had firearms, defeated the khan’s chosen force of 1000 men between Alieli and Tashhovuz; the uprising was suppressed with Russian troops’ help. Under the influence of the peasant movements the Young Khivan movement appeared (Polvonniyoz haji Yusupov, Bobookhun Salimov and others); in 1910, after Muhammad Rahimkhan II died, his son Asfandiyorkhan (1910–1918) took the throne and announced a “Project of Reforms”, but later took harsh measures against the opposition; in 1913 prime minister Islomkhoja was accused of embezzling state funds and killed. After February 1917 the Young Khivans demanded that the khan sign a manifest: on 5 April 1917 (Old Style) he agreed to form a limited constitutional monarchy. On 26 April the first session of the Majlis (30 Khivan and 7 Turkmen deputies) met, but within two months conservative forces carried out a coup and dispersed it. In January 1918 the Turkmen leader Junaidkhan took over the khanate. On 2 February 1920 a coup took place, and on 27 April the All-Khiva Congress of Soviets declared that the Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic had been formed.