Settlement and social life of the Karakalpaks, second half of the 19th – early 20th century
According to the textbook, the Karakalpaks historically lived along the Ural and Volga, around the Aral and on the lower Syr Darya; in the early 19th century they began to settle in the lower Amu Darya basin and south of the Aral. Attacks by Kazakhs and Turkmens led them to enter the subjecthood of the Khanate of Khiva. In the mid-19th century they numbered about 100 thousand at most. They were divided into clans, used land communally, and the clan was responsible for digging irrigation canals; livestock was private property and bore a clan mark. Muhammad Rahimkhan I formed the “Karakalpak ulus”, and an otaliq and a beklarbegi were appointed to govern it. In the economy farming began to take the main place, while herding, fishing and hunting also mattered; in crafts felt, carved doors, carpets and embroidery were famous. The “Fourteen Clans” was the largest of the aris groups; the clan biys were appointed by the khans with a charter. Among the Karakalpaks there were qozi and biy courts. In epics such as “Qirqqiz” courage, love of freedom, loyalty to the homeland and pure love are praised.
Draw the Karakalpak economy as a five-part pie chart: farming, herding, fishing, hunting, crafts. Write one example for each.