Furqat’s musaddas, “Kashmirda” and artistic devices in the ghazal

Classical literary science has three parts: the science of aruz (verse metre), the science of rhyme and the science of artistry, ilmi badi‘ (“the science of beautiful, rare expression”). Devices of artistic imagery express a plain thought poetically. Personification brings a thing to life as a person; husni ta’lil explains an event with an unrelated but beautiful cause; hyperbole is extreme exaggeration; talmeh is an allusion to a historical event, person or literary hero (for example Yusuf and Ya’qub). Ishtiqoq uses words of one root (jon and jonona), tazod sets words of opposite meaning against each other (foot and head), tajnis is a play on words of the same form (toshurmoq and tosh urmoq). In classical poetry images such as the flask, jug or cup often mean the heart, and wine means love and affection. In analysing a couplet one first fixes the meaning of the words, puts the parts of the sentence in the usual order, then explains what the poet wants to say and how he says it.