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Descriptive expressions as a means of elevated speech
Уроки 16 · 1 урок · B. Mengliyev, Sh. Toshmirzayeva, S. Atoyeva, S. Majidova. Ona tili (Uzbek language), Grade 11, Part 2. “O‘qituvchi” publishing and printing creative house, Tashkent, 2020
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Descriptive expressions as a means of elevated speech
Textbook: Part 2, pp. 55–58
ЦельIdentify a descriptive expression (periphrasis), know its stylistic limits and use it appropriately in a text.
A descriptive expression names a thing or event not directly but by a coloured, figurative description of it: instead of cotton “oq oltin” (white gold), instead of oil “qora oltin” (black gold), instead of forests “yer yuzining o‘pkasi” (the lungs of the Earth). In terms of information it gives nothing more than the plain name, but it adds feeling and evaluation. That is why it cannot be used in every text: it fits a newspaper article, a literary work and a solemn speech, but is out of place in scientific, official and business papers, where an exact name is required. Such expressions can also be homonymous: the context shows what is meant (for example, “qora oltin” is usually oil, sometimes coal). Repeating the same expression too often turns it into a cliché and weakens its effect.
Plain
Periphrasis
samolyot
po‘lat qush
kitob
bilim xazinasi
Quyosh
olam chirog‘i
Примеры
Journalism: “Vodiy dalalarida oq oltin terimi boshlandi” (the harvest of white gold began in the fields of the valley). Scientific-official style: “Paxta terimi boshlandi” (the cotton harvest began).
Literary speech: “Qalam sohiblari yangi kitoblar haqida so‘z yuritdi” (qalam sohiblari – “masters of the pen”, writers and poets); “Qanotli do‘stlarimiz bahorda qaytadi” (our winged friends, i.e. birds, return in spring).
Работа в классе
“Find the name”: one team says a descriptive expression, the other finds its direct name; then the roles switch (6–8 expressions).
Упражнения
1
What is a descriptive expression? Give two examples.
A coloured, figurative substitute for a thing’s name: oq oltin (cotton), qora oltin (oil).
2
Write the direct name: qanotli do‘stlar, qalam sohiblari, yer yuzining o‘pkasi.
Birds; writers and poets; forests.
3
Rewrite with a lively descriptive expression: “Kutubxonada kitobxonlar uchrashuvi bo‘ldi”.
For example: “Kitoblar saltanatida kitobxonlar uchrashuvi bo‘ldi” (a readers’ meeting took place in the kingdom of books).
4
Why does one write “paxta” and not “oq oltin” in business papers?
Because an official document requires exactness; a descriptive expression is coloured and can be understood in two ways.