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Atoyi and his ghazals
Уроки 9 · 1 урок · B. To‘xliyev, B. Karimov, K. Usmonova. Literature: textbook-collection for Grade 10 of secondary schools and for students of secondary specialised and vocational institutions, Parts 1–2. 1st edition. “O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi” State Scientific Publishing House, Tashkent, 2017
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Atoyi and his ghazals
Textbook: Part 1, pp. 58–61
ЦельKnow the information on Atoyi’s life and the general features of his ghazals.
Новые слова
ghazal, lyric poem of bayts on love · g‘azalopening bayt of a ghazal · matla’closing bayt of a ghazal, usually with the pen name · maqta’aruz, quantitative metre · aruz
Объяснение
Atoyi was born in Balkh in the 15th century; information about his life is scant. According to the textbook he descended from Ismoil Ota of the line of Ahmad Yassaviy, lived in Samarkand, Bukhara and Balkh, and served at the court of Mirzo Ulug‘bek. He wrote in Turkic and Persian, and took his pen name “Ato” in reference to his sheikh ancestors. In “Majolis un-nafois”, Alisher Navoiy remembers him as a dervish-like, good-natured man whose poetry was famous among Turkic speakers. His ghazals are mostly in various aruz metres, above all ramal; the metre is light, the lines short and the language simple and fluent, which is why many became folk songs. His work has not come down in full: a manuscript of a divan, copied about the 16th century and containing 260 ghazals, is kept in St Petersburg. The three ghazals in the textbook portray love for a beautiful beloved, loyalty and separation.
Примеры
Example: in the first ghazal in the textbook the beloved is likened to a fairy seated by water, so delicate that she might be swallowed with water – an exaggerated image.
Example: at the end of the second ghazal the poet calls himself the servant of the beloved’s “free cypress”; he wants loyalty to his beloved, not high rank – this is the ghazal’s maqta‘.
Работа в классе
In groups list the “marks of beauty” (face, eyebrows, hair, figure) in the ghazals and discuss which comparisons classical poetry usually gives them.
Упражнения
1
Where and when did Atoyi live? At which court did he serve?
In the 15th century in Balkh, Samarkand and Bukhara; at Mirzo Ulug‘bek’s court.
2
What does the pen name Atoyi refer to and why did he choose it?
“Ato” (“Father”) – a reference to his famous sheikh ancestors.
3
How many ghazals does the manuscript of his divan contain and where is it kept?
260 ghazals; in St Petersburg.
4
Why did Atoyi’s ghazals turn into folk songs? Explain the reasons.
Because the metre is light, the lines short, the language simple and fluent, and folk expressions and proverbs abound.