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Poetic devices (theory)

Уроки 20 · 1 урок · B. To‘xliyev, B. Karimov, K. Usmonova. Literature: textbook-collection for Grade 10 of secondary schools and for students of secondary specialised and vocational institutions, Parts 1–2. 1st edition. “O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi” State Scientific Publishing House, Tashkent, 2017
20

Theory: examples of poetic devices

Textbook: Part 1, pp. 167–181
ЦельBe able to recognise and define classical poetic devices (simile, metaphor, antithesis, allusion, tajnis, enumeration, correspondence, repetition-based devices, apostrophe).
Новые слова
simile (tashbeh) · tashbehmetaphor (istiora) · istioratajnis, play on same-sounding words · tajnisapostrophe, direct address (nido) · nido
Объяснение

According to the theory section of the textbook, in tashbeh (simile) two things are compared by a shared feature; it has four parts: the thing compared, the thing compared to, the reason for the likeness and the means. Istiora (“borrowing”) also rests on likeness, but the reason and means are not stated, so it is also called a shortened simile. Tazod is the contrast of opposite ideas; talmeh is an allusion to a famous event or person; tajohil ul-orif is feigning ignorance while knowing; husni ta’lil is a beautiful, poetic explanation of a thought that does not fit reality. Tajnis is the use of words close in sound with different meanings; in the tuyuq genre three of the four lines rest on tajnis. Ta’did is the successive listing of several things in a row; tanosib is the joint use of logically related words. Devices based on word repetition: ishtiqoq (words of one root), tasdir (the word at the start of a bayt is repeated at its end), tasbe (the word ending one line begins the next), tardi aks (words swap places in the next line). Nido is address used to express feeling strongly.

Примеры
Example (our own): “Our teacher shines like the sun” is tashbeh, since both the thing compared (the teacher) and the device (“like”) are present; “The sun of our class did not come today” is istiora, since the teacher’s name and the device are dropped and only “sun” remains.
Our own example: “Summer came – write a letter” in Uzbek has tajnis: the first “yoz” is the season, the second the verb “to write”; “Book – my friend, my friend – book” is tardi aks, because two words swapped places.
Работа в классе

With cards: the device name and a sentence you make up. A partner finds which device it is and explains why.

Упражнения
1
Explain the difference between tashbeh and istiora.
2
Which device does “It rained – the sky wept for your grief” illustrate?
3
State the difference between tasdir and tasbe.
4
Why does the tuyuq genre rest on tajnis? Explain from the nature of tajnis.