Means of social protection; review of Chapter V

Unemployment cannot be removed completely: people move between jobs and new professions appear. A situation with only frictional and structural unemployment is full employment, and the unemployment rate then is the natural unemployment rate; the book calls about 4–5% normal, but the exact value can differ by country and period. Cyclical unemployment is the part above the natural level and is the hardest for society. The state studies employment, develops programmes for creating jobs and supporting business, guides people to professions, trains and retrains them, registers the unemployed and pays an unemployment benefit set by law. The labour exchange (this task is now done by state employment services, whose names change) acts as an intermediary between employer and job seeker. A trade union is a public organisation, not belonging to the state, that employees form to defend their rights and interests together: it deals with wages, workplace safety, protection from unlawful dismissal and supervision of compliance with labour laws.