Nature protection

Nature protection is the whole set of international, state and regional measures to preserve life, use resources rationally and restore them; its main goal is to safeguard species diversity and the gene pool. Internationally the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN, 1948), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF, 1961) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) work; in 1992 the Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted in Rio de Janeiro, and in 2022 the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework set the aim of protecting at least 30 % of land and sea by 2030 (the Nagoya plan in the book covered 2011–2020). The Red Book is a list of rare and declining species; species are grouped by degree of threat (in the international IUCN Red List these are categories such as «endangered» and «vulnerable»), and recovered species are removed from the list. In a nature reserve the whole natural complex is withdrawn from economic use and only scientific work is done; in a sanctuary limited use is allowed; part of a national park is open to visitors; a natural monument is a single tree, lake or waterfall. Botanical and zoological gardens also keep rare species. In Uzbekistan there are the Hisor, Zomin, Qizilqum, Surxon and Kitob reserves and the Chotqol biosphere reserve, as well as the Zomin and Zarafshon national nature parks (the Zarafshon reserve was turned into a national nature park in 2018).