Lessons 18–19 · 2 lessons · Sh. M. Sharipov, V. N. Fedorko, N. I. Safarova, V. A. Rafiqov. Geography (Applied geography), Grade 10, 1st edition. “O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi” State Scientific Publishing House, Tashkent, 2017
19
International migration: processes and problems
Textbook: pp. 79–81
GoalDescribe the kinds, causes, main directions and consequences of international migration; calculate the migration balance.
New words
migration · migratsiyaimmigration centre · immigratsiya markaziemigration source · emigratsiya o‘chog‘inet migration · migratsiya saldosi
Explanation
Migration is the permanent or temporary movement of people from one area to another. By scale it is external (to another country) or internal (within a country); by duration it is permanent or temporary (seasonal, shift-work or pendulum). Causes are economic (seeking work and income – the most common), family, ethnic and religious, political (war, crises) and ecological. The biggest present flow runs from developing to developed countries: the USA receives the most foreign-born people, and in Europe states such as Germany, the United Kingdom and France are major centres. The oil states of the Persian Gulf also attract many labour migrants. Net migration = arrivals − departures: if positive the country is an immigration centre, if negative an emigration source. Consequences: the receiving country gains labour resources and cultural diversity but may face integration difficulties; the sending country gains from remittances but may lose skilled people.
Worked examples
In one year 500 000 people arrived in a country and 320 000 left: net migration 500 000 − 320 000 = +180 000, so the country acted as an immigration centre that year.
If workers from a district go each day to a city 30 km away and return in the evening, that is pendulum migration (internal, temporary). If villagers go for summer work to cotton or vegetable fields, that is seasonal migration.
Class activity
“Flow map”: on an outline world map draw 5 migration flows given by the teacher (for example South Asia → Persian Gulf, Latin America → USA) with arrows and write the main cause for each.
Practice
1
List the kinds of migration by duration.
Permanent and temporary; temporary is divided into seasonal, shift-work and pendulum.
2
800 000 people arrived and 650 000 left a country. What is net migration? (Number only.)
150000
3
What is the main cause of migration and why?
Economic: people seek work, higher income and better living conditions; the income gap between developing and developed countries is large.
4
Why is the departure of skilled specialists considered negative for the sending state?
Because the state spent resources training them, and after they leave there is a shortage of staff in science, medicine and industry.