Culture and education in the Kokand Khanate

Umar Khan (pen name Amiri) wrote poetry, gathered poets at court and in 1821 had the anthology “Majmuai shoiron” compiled; Makhmur, Gulkhani (author of “Zarbulmasal”), Uvaysi (1779–1845) and Nodira (1792–1842) worked in this milieu. Nodira wrote in Uzbek and Tajik, also compiled divans under the names Maknuna and Komila, and under her son Muhammad Ali Khan had madrasas built and supported calligraphers and painters. Boborahim Mashrab (1640–1711) was born in Namangan, was known for poems condemning oppression and, according to the textbook, was sentenced to death in 1711. Among historians, Fazli wrote “Umarnoma” in 1822, Mushrif Isfarangi “Shohnomayi nusratpayom”, Muhammad Hakimkhan to‘ra “Muntakhab ut-tavorikh”, and Muhammad Solih “Tarikhi jadidayi Toshkand”. In architecture, builders were invited from Bukhara; the Norbuta Biy madrasa (Madrasai Mir) and the Dakhmai Shohon ensemble, built in the first quarter of the 19th century, survive today, and under Khudayar Khan the Khudayar Khan palace was built.