Foreign policy of the Kokand Khanate

In 1755–1759 China (the Qing empire) subdued Eastern Turkestan; under Erdona Biy Kokand had to sign a heavy treaty with this strong neighbour and accept dependence on it. Under Madali Khan Kokand in 1825 supported the struggle of the people of Kashgar; China in 1829 expelled Kokand merchants, and Yusuf Khoja took Kashgar and was then defeated, after which, according to the textbook, 70,000 Uyghur families moved to Fergana. According to the textbook a treaty was made in Beijing in 1832: Kokand merchants gained the right to trade without customs duty and Kokand also gained the right to collect duties there. Relations with Bukhara were always tense, because Kokand’s land had once belonged to Bukhara and Bukhara considered itself the leader; under Umar Khan the Bukharan emir Haydar wrote a complaint to the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II, and the sultan recognised Kokand as an independent state. Madali Khan sent an envoy to Russia in 1831 without result; another embassy was sent in 1842, but a Bukharan attack made it ineffective. Later Russia built border forts such as the Raim fortification and took Ak-Mechet.