The rise of the Qungrat dynasty in Khiva; the political situation from the late 18th to the first half of the 19th century
Fragmentation and constant wars ruined the people, and the need for strong central power brought the Uzbek Qungrat tribe forward. The Qungrat leader Muhammad Amin rose to the post of inaq in 1761, was defeated by Turkmen tribes and went to Bukhara, then returned in 1770 with Bukharan help and took power. Muhammad Amin (1770–1790) and his son Avaz (1790–1804) governed with the title of inaq, Avaz’s son Eltuzar declared himself khan in 1804, the date counted as the formal beginning of Qungrat rule; the dynasty ruled until 1920. Muhammad Rahim Khan I (1806–1825) subdued the Turkmen tribes, the Karakalpaks were subdued in 1811, he formed a regular army of “khan’s navkars”, set up customs and a mint, gold coins were struck in 1809, and a Supreme Council was created at the khan’s court. Allaquli Khan (1825–1842) had new canals dug, built the Toshhovli palace, a madrasa, caravanserai and tim, had a wall built around Khiva, and put down Turkmen and Karakalpak revolts with cruelty.
“Reform table”: write Rahim Khan I’s administrative, tax and monetary reforms in three columns.