15/15 weeks ready · Follows the order of the Egyptian Ministry of Education and Technical Education textbook Biology, General Secondary Certificate (Third Secondary Year, Grade 12), Term 1 = Unit One (Chapters 1–4) of the 2026–2027 printing (English and Arabic editions). All explanations, exercises and quizzes are Darslab’s own.
Term 1Unit One Structure and Function in Living Organisms: Chapter 1 Support and Movement in Living Organisms; Chapter 2 Hormonal Co-ordination in Living Organisms; Chapter 3 Reproduction in Living Organisms; Chapter 4 Immunity in Living Organisms; Term 1 review
1
Support in plants and the human skeleton Chapter 1 Support and Movement in Living Organisms (A): objectives, support in plants, the human skeleton: axial skeleton (vertebral column, skull, thoracic cage) and appendicular skeleton (girdles and limbs)
Cartilages, joints, ligaments and movement Chapter 1 (B): cartilages, the three kinds of joint, ligaments and tendons; movement in living organisms and movement in plants (touch, sleeping movement, tropisms, tendrils, pulling roots, streaming cytoplasm)
Muscles and how they contract Chapter 1 (C): movement in man: the muscular system and the structure of skeletal muscle, the nerve impulse reaching the muscle, the sliding-filament theory, ATP, muscle fatigue and spasm
Hormones and the pituitary gland Chapter 2 Hormonal Co-ordination in Living Organisms (A): hormones, how they were discovered (Starling, Jensen), plant hormones (auxins), characteristics of hormones, kinds of glands in man, the pituitary gland (master gland), its two parts and their hormones; hormonal and nervous control compared (Darslab's own table)
Thyroid, adrenal, pancreas and the other glands Chapter 2 (B): thyroid and parathyroid glands, the adrenal glands (cortex and medulla), the pancreas (insulin, glucagon, diabetes), the sex glands and gut hormones, and a table of the glands (Darslab's own)
Sexual reproduction and alternation of generations Chapter 3 (B): sexual reproduction (gametes, zygote, meiosis and haploid cells), conjugation in Spirogyra, reproduction by male and female gametes, external and internal fertilization, alternation of generations: the life cycle of Plasmodium and of a fern
Reproduction in flowering plants Chapter 3 (C): reproduction in flowering plants: structure of a typical flower, formation of pollen grains and ovules, pollination, double fertilization and triple fusion, formation of fruit and seed, endospermic and non-endospermic seeds, parthenocarpy, false fruit
The human reproductive systems and gametes Chapter 3 (D): reproduction in human beings (A): the male reproductive system and the testis, spermatogenesis, structure of the sperm, the female reproductive system, the ovary, oogenesis
The menstrual cycle, fertilization and the embryo Chapter 3 (E): reproduction in human beings (B): breeding cycle, the menstrual cycle and its hormones, fertilization, early development (zygote to blastocyst, implantation), embryonic membranes, the placenta, the stages of embryonic development
Birth, twins, new techniques and Chapter 3 in one view Chapter 3 (F): birth, mother's milk, the age for pregnancy, birth control methods, multiple births and twins, test-tube babies, cloning, gamete banks, and Darslab's own summary of Chapter 3
Immunity: plant defences and the lymphatic system Chapter 4 Immunity in Living Organisms (A): pathogens and immunity, innate and acquired immunity, immunity in plants (structural and biochemical), the human immune system and the lymphatic system: bone marrow, thymus gland, spleen and tonsils
Lymph nodes, white blood cells and antibodies Chapter 4 (B): Peyer's patches and lymph nodes, white blood cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes: B cells, T cells, natural killer cells; monocytes and macrophages), helper chemicals (chemokines, interleukins, complements, interferons), antibodies: structure and five ways of working
Lines of defence, the immune response and memory Chapter 4 (C): natural (innate) immunity: first line of defence and second line (inflammation); acquired immunity: humoral (antibody-mediated) and cell-mediated, switching the response off, primary and secondary immune responses and memory cells
The Egyptian Ministry of Education and Technical Education (MOETE) is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, Darslab. Lessons follow the order of the Ministry’s textbooks; all explanations, exercises and quizzes are Darslab’s own. Pictures of animals, plants and objects: Twemoji, CC BY 4.0.
