Lessons 11–12 · 2 lessons · O. Pratov, A. Tukhtaev, F. Azimova, I. Saparboev, M. Umaraliyeva. Biology (Botany), Grade 6. O‘zbekiston Publishing House, Tashkent, 2017
11
Diversity of stems
Textbook: pp. 28–29
GoalDistinguish kinds of stems (woody and herbaceous; erect, ascending, twining, climbing, trailing, creeping).
Stems differ with the kind of plant and its growing conditions. By internal structure they are woody (poplar, elm) or herbaceous (barley, nightshade); a woody stem keeps growing each year from new buds and forms a long-lived above-ground part, while the above-ground part of a herbaceous stem often lives one season. By direction of growth: erect (poplar, wheat), ascending (clover), twining — wraps around a support (bindweed, morning glory), climbing — clings with tendrils (grape, pea), trailing (melon, watermelon, cucumber) and creeping — lies along the ground and roots at its nodes (strawberry, silverweed). Stems may be branched (apple, walnut) or unbranched (palm). The variety of stem forms lets many species grow in one place: plants reach the light in different ways.
Worked examples
Grape and pea cling to a support with tendrils; bindweed winds its stem itself around a support.
Strawberry sends out long creeping stems (runners); roots form at their nodes and a new plant appears.
Class activity
“Find the stem type”: find 8 plants in the schoolyard or a set of pictures and fill a table: name — stem type (erect, twining, climbing, creeping…). Safety: do not touch thorny or poisonous plants; look but do not taste any plant.
Practice
1
What is the difference between woody and herbaceous stems? Give an example of each.
A woody stem is perennial and hardened (poplar); a herbaceous stem is soft and its above-ground part often lives one season (barley).
2
How do the stems of grape, bindweed and strawberry grow?
Grape clings with tendrils; bindweed winds around a support; strawberry creeps along the ground.
3
How does a climbing stem differ from a twining one?
In a climbing stem tendrils attach to the support; in a twining stem the stem itself winds around it.
4
Why is a variety of stem forms useful to plants?
Each plant uses light and space differently, so many species can live in one place.