☰ Contents · Natural science

Inner organs and the skeleton; the brain and nervous system

Lessons 18–19 · 2 lessons · Y.V. Malikova, S.V. Kosyanenko. Natural Science Grade 4, Part 1. Novda Edutainment, Tashkent, 2023; S.V. Kosyanenko, Y.V. Malikova, O.E. Tigay. Natural Science Grade 4, Part 2. Novda Edutainment, Tashkent, 2023
18

The human body and its internal organs

Textbook: Part 1, pp. 78–81
GoalKnow the outer and inner organs, the skeleton and the types of bone joints, the job of the main inner organs (brain, heart, lungs, stomach, liver) and how doctors examine inner organs.
New words
organ · a’zoskeleton · skeletjoint · bo‘g‘imX-ray · rentgen
Explanation

The human body is made of organs. We can see outer organs such as eyes, ears, nose and tongue. The brain, heart, lungs, stomach and liver are inner organs, protected inside the body under the skull and ribs. The skeleton is our inner support; an adult has 206 bones, children have more (some later fuse together). Bones join in three ways: immovable (parts of the skull), semi-movable (vertebrae) and movable, through a joint (elbow, knee, shoulder). The heart pumps blood into the vessels; the brain controls the whole body; the lungs supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide; the stomach partly digests food; the liver cleans harmful substances from the blood. Doctors examine inner organs with ultrasound (UTT), which uses sound waves and does not harm the body. If a bone may be broken, an X-ray is taken; it should be done only when a doctor orders it.

Worked examples
The skull protects the brain; the ribs protect the heart and lungs.
The knee is a movable joint: the leg can bend and straighten.
Class activity

“Skeleton model”: make a model of the spine and ribs from plasticine and dry pasta sticks (do not eat the pasta). Point out where the joints are.

Practice
1
Name three inner organs and their jobs.
2
How many bones does an adult have?
3
Give an example of a movable joint.
4
What is the difference between ultrasound and X-ray?