Africa (1800–1870) and conclusion

At the start of the 19th century most of Africa was not yet under European control, apart from bases on the coast. From the early 1820s Black Americans who had gained freedom began to be settled in Liberia, which became an independent republic in 1847. In the south the Boers, Dutch settlers, left British rule in the 1830s and moved inland. In Algeria France began its conquest in 1830, and Emir Abd al-Qadir put up strong resistance in the 1830s–1840s; he surrendered in 1847. In Ethiopia Kassa became emperor in 1855 as Tewodros II and tried to unite the country; in 1868 he was defeated at Magdala in battle with a British expedition. At the end of the 19th century the European powers divided Africa among themselves, while African peoples resisted for a long time.