☰ Contents · World history

The Ottoman Empire (1800–1870)

Lessons 31 · 1 lessons · R. Farmonov, U. Jo‘rayev, Sh. Ergashev. Jahon tarixi (XVI–XIX asrning 60-yillari) (World history, 16th century – 1860s), Grade 8. Cho‘lpon Publishing House, Tashkent, 2019 (revised and expanded 4th edition)
31

The Ottoman Empire in 1800–1870

Textbook: pp. 142–144
GoalDescribe the weakening of the Ottoman Empire, its reforms and the Eastern Question.
New words
Eastern Question · Sharq masalasiTanzimat · Tanzimotautonomy · muxtoriyatjanissary · yanicharlar
Explanation

In the 19th century the Ottoman Empire was large in territory but had fallen behind Europe militarily and economically. The great powers competed for its legacy; this is called the “Eastern Question”. The Greeks rose for freedom in 1821; in 1827 at the battle of Navarino the British, French and Russian fleets defeated the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet, and Greece was recognized as an independent state by 1830. In 1830 France seized Algeria. Egypt’s governor Muhammad Ali pursued an almost independent policy and by the 1840 settlement received the right to rule Egypt hereditarily. Sultan Mahmud II abolished the janissary corps in 1826 and created a new army, and in 1839 the Tanzimat reforms began; after the Crimean War of 1853–1856 the Treaty of Paris (1856) confirmed the Ottoman Empire’s independence and territorial integrity.

Worked examples
The battle of Navarino took place on 20 October 1827 and opened the way to Greek independence.
The Tanzimat reforms promised to guarantee the security of citizens’ lives and property.
Class activity

“Ottoman map”: mark on a map places that left the empire or were attacked in the 19th century.

Practice
1
What is the Eastern Question?
2
When was the battle of Navarino?
3
When did France seize Algeria?
4
When did the Tanzimat begin?