☰ Contents · World history

Germany and Italy (1815–1871)

Lessons 23 · 1 lessons · R. Farmonov, U. Jo‘rayev, Sh. Ergashev. Jahon tarixi (XVI–XIX asrning 60-yillari) (World history, 16th century – 1860s), Grade 8. Cho‘lpon Publishing House, Tashkent, 2019 (revised and expanded 4th edition)
23

Germany and Italy in 1800–1870

Textbook: pp. 107–109
GoalDescribe the paths and leaders of German and Italian unification.
New words
unification · birlashuvchancellor · kanslerRed Shirts · Qizil ko‘ylaklilarconfederation · konfederatsiya
Explanation

After 1815 Germany was a German Confederation of dozens of independent states, while Italy consisted of several kingdoms and provinces under Austrian rule. In 1848 revolutionary movements arose in both countries but did not achieve unity. Prussian minister-president Otto von Bismarck followed a policy of “iron and blood”, defeated Austria in 1866, the North German Confederation was formed in 1867, and the German Empire was proclaimed in 1871. In Italy the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia under Cavour led unification; Garibaldi freed the south in 1860 with his “Red Shirts”, while Mazzini promoted the idea of a republic. The Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861, and Venice joined in 1866 and Rome in 1870.

Worked examples
In 1860 Garibaldi landed in Sicily with about a thousand volunteers and took southern Italy.
Germany was proclaimed an empire in 1871 in the Palace of Versailles.
Class activity

“Map colouring”: mark the stages of unification on maps of Germany and Italy by year.

Practice
1
When was the German Empire proclaimed?
2
When was the Kingdom of Italy proclaimed?
3
What were Garibaldi’s troops called?
4
When did Rome join Italy?