The early Middle Ages: social change and the first states
Answers are for parents and teachers.
1
Write kashovarz, kadivar, dehqon and chokar with their meanings and explain in 3–4 sentences how they were connected.
The dehqon owned land and water and chokars guarded him; the kashovarz was a free farmer and the kadivar landless and dependent.
2
Why did land reclamation strengthen the class of landowners? Write in 4 sentences.
Part of the new land passed to chiefs, who controlled the water, so property and influence gathered with them.
3
Make a “territory — capital/centre — main event” table for Khwarazm, the Chionites and the Kidarites.
Khwarazm: Kath, 305; Chionites: Zarafshan, 370s; Kidarites: Balkh, defeat of 456.
4
Write 3 sentences about Khwarazm’s coins in the early Middle Ages.
The coins were silver, minted from 305; one face showed the king and the other a horseman; they strengthened trade.
5
Find Khwarazm, the Zarafshan oasis and Balkh on a map and sketch them in your notebook.
Khwarazm — lower Amu Darya; Zarafshan — Samarkand–Bukhara; Balkh — south of the Amu Darya, now in Afghanistan.