Review: Chapters I–V

Geography is the science that studies the nature, population and economy of the Earth’s surface; physical geography studies nature. The Earth is the third of the Solar System’s 8 planets, shaped like a geoid, with an equator ≈ 40 075 km long; it rotates on its axis in 24 hours and goes round the Sun in ≈ 365 days. A map shows the Earth’s surface reduced, with scale and conventional signs; we fix a place by latitude and longitude (coordinates) and a direction by azimuth. The inner structure is crust, mantle and core; the lithosphere is divided into plates, and volcanoes and earthquakes are common at plate boundaries. Landforms: continent, island, peninsula, plain, mountain. The hydrosphere: the World Ocean (96.5 %), rivers, lakes, glaciers and groundwater; water circulates in nature. During review make active use of the atlas, globe and outline map.