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Term 2 review: energy and shifting surfaces

الأسبوع 30 · مراجعة الفصل الدراسي الثاني: الطاقة والوقود والأسطح المتغيرة · 3 دروس
2

Review: renewable power and weathering

Discovery Education Science P4: Term 2, Units 3–4
GoalRevise wind, water and solar power, solar cookers, weathering and erosion with new tasks.
New words
turbine · a wheel with blades that spins when water or wind pushes itweathering · breaking rock into smaller pieceserosion · moving pieces of rock, sand or soil from one place to another
Explanation

Wind, water and sunshine are renewable sources of energy. Wind and falling water turn turbines that spin generators. A dam stores water high up, and the Sun and the water cycle refill it. A dam has gains and costs. Sunlight can warm water in a solar cooker if we reflect it with foil, absorb it with a dark surface and trap the heat with a clear cover. We test materials fairly by changing one thing. In Unit 4 we learned that rock is broken into smaller pieces by weathering. Mechanical weathering only breaks it, as ice and roots do. Chemical weathering changes it, as rust and acid do. Erosion moves the pieces: gravity, rivers, waves, rain, wind and glaciers all carry sediment. Models such as chalk and vinegar help us study slow changes quickly.

Source or processWhat moves or changes
wind turbinemoving air turns blades
hydroelectric damfalling water turns a turbine
solar cookerreflect, absorb, trap heat
weatheringrock breaks or changes where it is
erosionpieces are carried away
Worked examples
051015black paperwhite paperclear cuprise (°C)
A fresh solar test. Three identical cups start at 21 °C. After 20 minutes in the sun, the cup with black paper reads 33 °C, with white paper 26 °C and a clear cup 24 °C. Rises: 33 − 21 = 12, 26 − 21 = 5, 24 − 21 = 3. Black paper absorbs best.
EventKind
ice splits a rockmechanical
acid rain on limestonechemical
roots lift a stonemechanical
rust in a rockchemical
Sort the weathering. A rock splits when ice grows in a crack: mechanical. A statue of limestone loses detail in acid rain: chemical. Roots lift a paving stone: mechanical. Rust makes an iron-rich rock crumbly: chemical.
Dam sums. A dam has 3 turbines and each makes 7 units of electricity every hour. In 4 hours it makes 3 × 7 × 4 = 84 units. The lake behind the dam is a gain for stored water but a cost for the land it covers.
Class activity

Choose and explain. Your town needs power. Make a table with wind, water and solar power. For each write one good point, one drawback and one place in Egypt where it could work (for example a windy coast, a river, a sunny desert). Then choose the one you think is best for your town and write a claim, evidence and reasoning in three sentences.

Practice
1
Which three jobs must a solar cooker do?
2
Water starts at 20 °C and ends at 31 °C. What was the rise?
3
Is rust forming on a rock mechanical or chemical weathering?
4
How is erosion different from weathering?