Lessons 2 · 1 lessons · M. Lafasov, U. Jo‘rayev, E. Xoliqov, D. Qodirova. Jahon tarixi (World history), Grade 9, revised 3rd edition. “O‘qituvchi” Publishing House, Tashkent, 2014
2
Industrial civilisation
Textbook: pp. 11–15
GoalExplain the features of industrial society: urbanisation, migration and the new social groups.
New words
urbanisation: growing role and share of towns and city population · urbanizatsiyamigration: moving of people from one area or country to another · migratsiyaa person who moves to another country to live there · immigrantthe middle layer of society: engineers, doctors, teachers, lawyers and similar free professions · o‘rta qatlam
Explanation
In the 1850s–60s the industrial revolution was completed in Western Europe and the USA, and industrial civilisation took hold; its chief value was technical progress. Because factories were in towns, farming began to use machines and railways were built, people moved to cities in search of work, so urbanisation went fast. For example, the population of Paris grew from 1 million in 1850 to 2 million in 1880, and from 1853 the city was rebuilt for about 20 years. Society changed too: the aristocracy moved from landowning towards leading roles in banks and companies, the bourgeoisie gained weight, and a middle layer of engineers, doctors, teachers and lawyers took shape. The number of industrial workers grew fast: 10.4 million in the USA in the early 20th century and 8.6 million in Germany in 1907. Until the 1870s the working day could last 10–16 hours, women and children were paid little, and women began a campaign for equal rights.
Worked examples
Urbanisation chain: machines in farming → surplus labour → move to towns → growth of cities → new streets, water supply, trams and metro (the case of Paris).
Types of migration: moving inside one’s own country from village to town (the most common) and leaving for another country (immigration). The textbook says most of the movement took place within countries.
Class activity
“Two cities”: from a pair of pictures or descriptions (an industrial town in 1850 and in 1900) list the differences.
Practice
1
What was the main value of industrial civilisation?
Technical progress.
2
By what factor did Paris’s population grow between 1850 and 1880?
From 1 million to 2 million, i.e. doubled.
3
Who belongs to the middle layer and how does it affect society?
Holders of “free professions” such as engineers, doctors, teachers and lawyers; they usually prefer reform to revolution and give society stability.
4
Why was child labour widespread in the 19th century, and why is it banned or limited today?
Children were paid little and families were poor; today it is limited by international law and national laws because it harms health and schooling (the minimum working age is normally not below the end of compulsory schooling, often 15–16).