Using topographic maps, time reckoning and practical work

The position of a point on a topographic map is found with the kilometre grid: the numbers on the side frame give kilometres northward (x), those on the top and bottom frame give kilometres eastward (y). Find the square containing the point, measure its distance from the square’s southern and western lines using the scale, and add it to the frame numbers, and you get the coordinates. The steepness of a slope is found by measuring the distance between two neighbouring contours and comparing it with the slope scale below the map. An azimuth is the angle measured clockwise from the north direction to a given direction. A compass needle shows the magnetic meridian; the angle between it and the true meridian is the magnetic declination, and if we ignore it the azimuth will be wrong.