Lessons 7–8 · 2 lessons · U. Jo‘rayev, Q. Usmonov, A. Nurqulov, G. Jo‘rayeva. Tarixdan hikoyalar (Stories from history), Grade 5 (2nd edition). Cho‘lpon Publishing House, Tashkent, 2015
7
The way of life of early people
Textbook: pp. 21–25
GoalLearn about early tools, the gathering-and-hunting and producing economies, settled life and early dwellings.
New words
appropriating economy (gathering and hunting) · o‘zlashtiruvchi xo‘jalikproducing economy (farming and herding) · ishlab chiqaruvchi xo‘jaliksettled life · o‘troq hayotbronze · bronza
Explanation
Early people shaped stone into tools: an almond-shaped stone tool was 10–20 cm long and weighed from half a kilogram to a kilogram. Tools slowly improved: Neanderthals made small sharp tools of bone, Cro-Magnons made stone knives and spears, bone needles and fishhooks, and later the bow and arrow appeared. People learned pottery, making tools of copper and of bronze (an alloy of copper and tin), the wheeled cart, and later the iron plough and axe. Gathering plants and hunting is called the appropriating economy, because people took ready-made products from nature. Taming animals led to herding and sowing led to farming; this is the producing economy. Living permanently in one place is called settled life, and its base is farming; crafts also appeared in this way. At first people lived in caves and tree hollows, later in half-dug pit houses and huts built of bones and poles.
Worked examples
Which economy? Picking wild fruit is appropriating; sowing wheat and keeping sheep is producing.
Bronze = copper + tin. Copper is soft, but with tin added the alloy is harder, so bronze tools were better than stone ones.
Class activity
“Which economy?”: the teacher reads out occupations (hunter, farmer, herder, potter, gatherer); pupils raise the left or right hand for “appropriating” or “producing”.
Practice
1
What is the difference between the appropriating and the producing economy?
In the appropriating economy people take ready things from nature (gathering, hunting); in the producing economy they grow or raise them (farming, herding).
2
What is settled life and what is its basis?
People living permanently in one place; its basis is farming.
3
What is bronze made of and why is it better than stone?
Of an alloy of copper and tin; it is hard, and it can be cast into the needed shape.