☰ Contents · Physics

Energy of the magnetic field

Lessons 10 · 1 lessons · N. Sh. Turdiyev, K. A. Tursunmetov, A. G. Ganiyev, K. T. Suyarov, J. E. Usarov, A. K. Avliyoqulov. Physics Grade 11, 1st edition. Niso Poligraf Publishing House, Tashkent, 2018
10

Energy of the magnetic field

Textbook: pp. 35–38
GoalCalculate the energy of the magnetic field of a coil with W = L·I²/2 and explain its physical meaning.
New words
magnetic field energy · magnit maydon energiyasielectromagnet · elektromagnitconservation of energy · energiyaning saqlanishiinductance · induktivlik
Explanation

The magnetic field around a current-carrying coil has energy: while the current is raised from zero to I, the source does work against the self-induced EMF, and this work is stored as field energy. Since the flux Φ = L·I is proportional to the current, the graph Φ(I) is a straight line and the work equals the area of the triangle under it: A = I·Φ/2. Hence W = I·Φ/2 = L·I²/2: the energy is proportional to the inductance and to the square of the current. If the current doubles the energy becomes four times larger; L plays the role of mass and I the role of speed, so W = LI²/2 resembles the kinetic energy mυ²/2. When the current is broken, this energy does not vanish: it is released as the self-induction current, or as the heat and light of a spark. A coil with a ferromagnetic core has a large L and so more energy at the same current; electromagnetic cranes use the force of such a field to lift loads.

Worked examples
A coil of inductance 0.4 H carries 3 A. W = L·I²/2 = 0.4·9/2 = 1.8 J. At 6 A, W = 0.4·36/2 = 7.2 J (4 times more).
A coil with a flux of 0.12 Wb carries 5 A. W = I·Φ/2 = 5·0.12/2 = 0.3 J. The inductance is L = Φ/I = 0.024 H = 24 mH.
Class activity

In your notebook compute W for L = 2 H and I = 1, 2, 3, 4 A and draw the graph of W against I (a parabola). In real life only a specialist connects and breaks the circuit of a coil with a large inductance: a high voltage and a spark can appear when it is broken.

Practice
1
What is the formula for the energy of a magnetic field of a coil?
2
L = 20 mH and I = 3 A. What is W in mJ?
3
W = 90 mJ and I = 3 A. What is the inductance in mH?
4
If the current is tripled, by what factor does the magnetic energy change and why?