Week 6 · Lesson 4 Chemical Bonds: ions and the ionic bond, the covalent bond, ionic and covalent compounds, carbon and methane · 3 lessons
3
Ionic or covalent? Carbon and methane
Science Prep 1 Term 1, Unit 1: pp. 26–31
GoalCompare ionic and covalent compounds and describe carbon and methane.
New words
crystal · a regular, repeating pattern of particles in a solidorganic compound · a compound of carbon, mainly joined to hydrogenmethane · CH₄, the simplest organic molecule
Explanation
Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points, most dissolve in water, and they conduct electricity when dissolved or melted, but not as solids. Covalent compounds often have low melting and boiling points and conduct electricity poorly. Many covalent compounds do not dissolve in water, but some, like sugar, do. Carbon is the key element of organic compounds. It has 4 outer electrons, so it can make four bonds, and its atoms can join to each other in straight chains, branched chains and rings. Methane, CH₄, has one carbon atom joined to four hydrogen atoms by four single bonds. It is the simplest organic molecule. Water is an inorganic compound. Methane burns to give carbon dioxide and water vapour, which is why it is used as a fuel. We only read about this: we never burn gas as an activity.
Worked examples
Compound
Atoms
Bond
NaCl
metal + nonmetal
ionic
MgO
metal + nonmetal
ionic
H₂O
nonmetal + nonmetal
covalent
CH₄
nonmetal + nonmetal
covalent
Sort by the pair of atoms. NaCl: metal and nonmetal, so ionic. MgO: metal and nonmetal, so ionic. H₂O: two nonmetals, so covalent. CH₄: two nonmetals, so covalent.
Why can carbon build so many compounds? It has four outer electrons and so can make four bonds, and it can bond to other carbon atoms. In ethane, C₂H₆, two carbon atoms are joined to each other and each also holds three hydrogen atoms.
Puzzle with invented elements. Element X is in group 6A like oxygen, so with hydrogen it makes H₂X. A group 1A metal A with X makes the compound A₂X. A group 2A metal M with X makes MX. The pattern follows the valency of each element: 6A has valency 2, 1A has 1 and 2A has 2.
Class activity
Model methane. Roll a ball of clay for carbon and four smaller balls in another colour for hydrogen. Join them with four short paper strips. Then add a second carbon and make ethane, C₂H₆. Count the bonds from each carbon: there should always be four. Do not use sharp tools.
Practice
1
Name two properties of ionic compounds.
High melting and boiling points; they conduct electricity when dissolved or melted.
2
Is it true that no covalent compound dissolves in water? Explain.
No. Many do not dissolve, but some, like sugar, do.
3
How many hydrogen atoms are joined to the carbon in methane?
Four.
4
What is the formula of this molecule?
C₂H₆, ethane: 2 carbon atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms.