☰ Year plan · Mathematics

Polygon angles

Week 12 · Polygons: interior and exterior angles, regular polygons · 3 lessons
3

Exterior angles add up to 360°: mixed polygon problems

Mathematics Prep 2 Term 1, Unit 3, Lesson 6
GoalUse the exterior angle sum 360° for any convex polygon, count diagonals with n(n − 3) ÷ 2, and solve mixed problems.
New words
exterior angle sum · 360° for every convex polygon, regular or notdiagonals · a polygon with n sides has n(n − 3) ÷ 2 diagonalsequation for n · turn a condition into an equation and check the answer is wholeinterior + exterior = 180° · at the same vertex
Explanation

Why do the exterior angles add up to 360°? At each of the n vertices, interior + exterior = 180°. All together: n × 180° = (interior sum) + (exterior sum). The interior sum is (n − 2) × 180°, so the exterior sum is n × 180° − (n − 2) × 180° = 2 × 180° = 360°. This holds for every convex polygon, regular or not: walk once around the outside, and you turn through a full circle. For irregular polygons, subtract the known exterior angles from 360°. The number of diagonals of a convex polygon is n(n − 3) ÷ 2: from each vertex you can draw n − 3 diagonals (not to itself or its two neighbours), and each diagonal is counted twice. A hexagon has 6 × 3 ÷ 2 = 9. If a polygon has 9 diagonals, then n(n − 3) = 18, n² − 3n − 18 = 0, (n − 6)(n + 3) = 0, so n = 6 (n = −3 is impossible).

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Worked examples
Four exterior angles of a pentagon are 90°, 70°, 80° and 60°. The five exterior angles add up to 360°, so the fifth is 360° − 300° = 60°. Its interior angle is 180° − 60° = 120°.
A convex polygon has every exterior angle equal to 20°. Then n = 360 ÷ 20 = 18 sides and each interior angle is 160°. The exterior angles of a polygon with the angles 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x and 7x (five angles) add to 360°: 25x = 360 gives x = 14.4°.
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An octagonal garden has 8 × 5 ÷ 2 = 20 diagonals. How many sides does a polygon with 9 diagonals have? n(n − 3) ÷ 2 = 9, so n(n − 3) = 18; 6 × 3 = 18, so n = 6, a hexagon, as in the picture with its 9 diagonals.
Class activity

Walk the polygon. On the floor mark a large regular pentagon with tape or chalk. Walk along its sides and turn at each corner by the same angle. How many degrees do you turn at each corner? How many in total? Compare with 72° and 360°.

Practice
1
Three exterior angles of a quadrilateral are 100°, 80° and 90°. Find the fourth and the interior angle at that vertex.
2
How many diagonals does a decagon (10 sides) have?
3
A polygon has 14 diagonals. How many sides?
4
Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 4 times its exterior angle. How many sides?
5
Hana says the exterior angles of a regular hexagon add to 720° because the interior angles do. What is wrong?